Wednesday 30 April 2014

ELIGIBILITY

The Candidates applying for the examination should ensure that they fulfill all the eligibility conditions for admission into the examination. Their admission to all the stages of the examination will be purely provisional subject to satisfying the prescribed eligibility conditions.
Mere issue of admission certificate to the candidate will not imply that his / her candidature has been finally cleared by the Commission.
The Commission generally takes up verification of eligibility conditions with reference to the original documents only after the candidate has qualified for the Interview / Personality Test.

Nationality


  • For the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service, a candidate must be a citizen of India.
  • For other services, a candidate must be either :—
    1. a citizen of India, or
    2. a subject of Nepal, or
    3. a subject of Bhutan, or
    4. a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before 1st January, 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India, or
    5. a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.
  • Provided that a candidate belonging to categories (b), (c), (d) and (e) shall be a person in whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.
    Provided further that candidates belonging to categories (b), (c) and (d) above will not be eligible for appointment to the Indian Foreign Service.
  • A candidate in whose case a certificate of eligibility is necessary, may be admitted to the examination but the offer of appointment may be given only after the necessary eligibility certificate has been issued to him/her by the Government of India.

Age Limit

NOTE-UPSC HAS GIVEN TWO MORE EXTRA ATTEMPTS IT MEANS YOU HAVE TWO MORE YEARS...BELOW ARE THE AGE LIMIT OF PREVIOUS PATTERN SO TO EACH CATEGORY ADD 2 EXTRA ATTEMPTS (EX-PREVIOUSLY AGE LIMIT IS 30 BUT NOW IT'S 32 FOR GENERAL CANDIDATES)

A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 30 years as on 1st August of the year of examination.
The upper age limit prescribed above will be relaxable under the following conditions.
  1. upto a maximum of five years if a candidate belongs to a Scheduled Caste (SC) or a Scheduled Tribe (ST).
  2. upto a maximum of three years in the case of candidates belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC) who are eligible to avail of reservation applicable to such candidates.
  3. upto a maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from the 1st January, 1980 to the 31st day of December, 1989.
  4. upto a maximum of three years in the case of Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof.
  5. upto a maximum of five years in the case of ex-servicemen including Commissioned Officers and ECOs / SSCOs who have rendered at least five years Military Service as on 1st August, 2011 and have been released
    • on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within one year from 1st August of the year of examination) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of misconduct or inefficiency, or
    • on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service, or
    • on invalidment.
  6. upto a maximum of five years in the case of ECOs / SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years Military Service as on 1st August of the year of examination and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and that they will be released on three months notice on selection from the date of receipt of offer of appointment.
  7. upto a maximum of 10 years in the case of blind, deaf-mute and orthopaedically handicapped persons.
NOTE:
  • Candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the Other Backward Classes who are also covered under any of the clauses (a) to (g) mentioned above, viz. those coming under the category of Ex-servicemen, persons domiciled in the State of J & K, blind, deaf-mute and orthopaedically handicapped etc. will be eligible for grant of cumulative age-relaxation under both the categories.
  • The term ex-servicemen will apply to the persons who are defined as ex-servicemen in the Ex-servicemen (Re-employment in Civil Services and Posts) Rules, 1979, as amended from time to time.
  • The age concession under clause (e) and (f) will not be admissible to Ex-Servicemen and Commissioned Officers including ECOs / SSCOs who are released on own request.
  • Notwithstanding the provision of age-relaxation under clause (g) above, a physically disabled candidate will be considered to be eligible for appointment only if he/she (after such physical examination as the Government or appointing authority, as the case may be, may prescribe) is found to satisfy the requirements of physical and medical standards for the concerned Services/posts to be allocated to the physically disabled candidates by the Government.
SAVE AS PROVIDED ABOVE THE AGE LIMITS PRESCRIBED CAN IN NO CASE BE RELAXED.

Minimum Educational Qualifications


The candidate must hold a degree of any of Universities incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University Under Section-3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification.
  • Candidates who have appeared at an examination the passing of which would render them educationally qualified for the Commission's examination but have not been informed of the results as also the candidates who intend to appear at such a qualifying examination will also be eligible for admission to the Preliminary Examination.
  • All candidates who are declared qualified by the Commission for taking the Civil Services (Main) Examination will be required to produce proof of passing the requisite examination with their application for the Main Examination failing which such candidates will not be admitted to the Main Examination. The applications for the Main Examination will be called sometime in the month of July / August.
  • In exceptional cases, the Union Public Service Commission may treat a candidate who has not any of the foregoing qualifications as a qualified candidate provided that he / she has passed examination conducted by the other Institutions, the standard of which in the opinion of the Commission justifies his / her admission to the examination.
  • Candidates possessing professional and technical qualifications which are recognised by Government as equivalent to professional and technical degree would also be eligible for admission to the examination.
  • Candidates who have passed the final professional M.B.B.S. or any other Medical Examination but have not completed their internship by the time of submission of their applications for the Civil Services (Main) Examination, will be provisionally admitted to the Examination provided they submit along with their application a copy of certificate from the concerned authority of the University / Institution that they had passed the requisite final professional medical examination. In such cases, the candidates will be required to produce at the time of their interview original Degree or a certificate from the concerned competent authority of the University / Institution that they had completed all requirements (including completion of internship) for the award of the Degree.

Number of Attempts

NOTE-NOW UPSC GIVES YOU 2 MORE  ATTEMPTS-FROM 4 TO SIX FOR GENERALS
SIMILARLY ADD 2 EXTRA ATTEMPTS TO EACH CATEGORY

  • Every candidate appearing at the examination who is otherwise eligible, shall be permitted FOUR attempts at the examination.
  • This restriction on the number of attempts will not apply in the case of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates who are otherwise eligible.
  • The number of attempts permissible to candidates belonging to Other Backward Classes, who are otherwise eligible shall be seven.
  • The relaxation will be available to the candidates who are eligible to avail of reservation applicable to such candidates.
  • A physically handicapped will get as many attempts as are available to other non-physically handicapped candidates of his or her community, subject to the condition that a physically handicapped candidate belonging to the General Category shall be eligible for seven attempts.
  • The relaxation will be available to the physically handicapped candidates who are eligible to avail of reservation applicable to such candidates.
NOTE:
  • An attempt at a Preliminary Examination shall be deemed to be an attempt at the Examination.
  • If a candidate actually appears in any one paper in the Preliminary Examination, he/she shall be deemed to have made an attempt at the Examination.
  • Notwithstanding the disqualification / cancellation of candidature, the fact of appearance of the candidate at the examination will count as an attempt.

Restrictions on applying for the Examination


  • A candidate who is appointed to the Indian Administrative Service or the Indian Foreign Service on the results of an earlier examination and continues to be a member of that service will not be eligible to compete at this examination.
  • In case a candidate is appointed to the IAS / IFS after the Preliminary Examination of Civil Services Examination of that year is over, and he/she continues to be a member of that service, he/she shall not be eligible to appear in the Civil Services (Main) Examination of that year notwithstanding his/her having qualified in the Preliminary Examination of that year.
  • If a candidate is appointed to IAS/IFS after the commencement of the Civil Services (Main) Examination of that year, but before the result thereof and continues to be a member of that service, he/she shall not be considered for appointment to any service/post on the basis of the result of the Civil Services Examination of that year.

Physical Standards

Candidates must be physically fit according to physical standards for admission to Civil Services Examination of a particular year as per guidelines given in Rules for Examination published in the Gazette of India Extraordinary during the year of examination.


Proof of Date of Birth


The date of birth accepted by the Commission is that entered in the Matriculation or Secondary School Leaving Certificate or in a certificate recognised by an Indian University as equivalent to Matriculation or in an extract from a Register of Matriculates maintained by a University, which extract must be certified by the proper authority of the University or in the Higher Secondary or an equivalent examination certificate. These certificates are required to be submitted only at the time of applying for the Civil Services (Main) Examination.
  • The expression Matriculation / Secondary Examination Certificate in this part of the instruction includes the alternative certificates mentioned above.
  • No other document relating to age like horoscopes, affidavits, birth extracts from Municipal Corporation, service records and the like will be accepted.
  • Candidates should note that only the Date of Birth as recorded in the Matriculation / Secondary Examination Certificate or an equivalent certificate as on the date of submission of applications will be accepted by the Commission and no subsequent request for its change will be considered or granted.
  • Candidates should also note that once a Date of Birth has been claimed by them and entered in the records of the Commission for the purpose of admission to an examination, no change will be allowed subsequently (or at any other examination of the Commission) on any grounds whatsoever.
  • The candidate should exercise due care while entering their date of birth in column 3 of the Application Form for the Preliminary Examination. If on verification at any subsequent stage, any variation is found in their date of birth from the one entered in their matriculation or equivalent Examination certificate, disciplinary action will be taken against them by the Commission under the Rules.

List of all countries OF Oceania, their capital names, and currencies

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of OCEANIA
Country Capital Currency
Australia Canberra Australian Dollar
Fiji Suva Fiji Dollar
Nauru Nauru Dollar
New Zealand Willington New Zealand Dollar
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Kina
Solomon Island Honiara Dollar
Tonga Nukualofa Panga

List of all countries OF SOUTH AMERICA, their capital names, and currencies

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of SOUTH AMERICA
Country Capital Currency
Argentina Buenos Aires Austral (Pesu)
Bolivia La Paz Boliviano
Brazil Brasilia Cruzeiro
Chile Santiago Peso
Colombia Bogotá Peso
Ecuador Quito Suere
French Guyana Koenne Franc
Guyana Georgetown Dollar
Paraguay Asuncion Guarani
Peru Lima Nuevosol
Surinam Paramaribo Guilder
Uruguay Montevideo Peso
Venezuela Caracas Bolivar

List of all NORTH AMERICAN countries, their capital names, and currencies

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of NORTH AMERICA
Country Capital Currency
Antigua and Barbuda St. Johns Dollar
Bahamas Nassau Dollar
Barbados Bridgetown Dollar
Belize Belmopan Dollar
Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
Costa Rica San Jose Colon
Cuba Havana Peso
Dominica Roseau Sterling
El Salvador San Salvador Colon
Grenada St. George Dollar
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzal
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gourde
Honduras Tegucigalpa Lempira
Jamaica Kingston Dollar
Mexico Mexico City Peso
Nicaragua Managua Cordoba
Panama Panama City Balboa
St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre Dollar
Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain Dollar
United States of America Washington D.C. Dollar

List of all AFRICAN countries, their capital names, and currencies

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of AFRICA
Country Capital Currency
Algeria Algiers Algerian Dinar
Angola Luanda Kwanza
Benin Porto Novo Franc (CFA)
Bostwana Gaborone Pula
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Franc (CFA)
Burundi Bujumbura Burundi Franc
Cameroon Yaoundi Franc (CFA)
Cape Verde Prala Cape Verde Escudo
Central African Republic Bangul Franc (CFA)
Chad N’D’ Jamena Franc (CFA)
Comoros Moroni Comorian Franc
Congo Brazzaville Franc (CFA)
Djibouti Djibouti Djibouti Franc
Egypt Cairo Egyptian Pound
Equatorial Guinea Malabo Franc (CFA)
Eritrea Asmara Etheopian Birr
Gabon Libereville Franc (CFA)
Ghana Accra Cedi
Guinea Conakry Guinean Franc
Guinea Bissau Bissau Peso
Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro Franc (CFA)
Kenya Nairobi Kenya Shilling
Lesotho Maseru Loti
Liberia Monorovia Liberian Dollar
Libya Tripoli Libyan Dinar
Madagascar Antananrivo Malagasy Franc
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha
Mali Bamako Franc (CFA)
Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya
Mauritius Port Louis Mauritius Rupee
Morocco Rabat Dirham
Mozambique Maputo Metical
Namibia Windhock Rand
Niger Niamey Franc
Nigeria Lagos Naira
Rwanda Kigali Franc
Senegal Dakar Franc
Seychelles Victoria Rupee
Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
Somalia Mogadishu Shilling
South Africa Cape Town Rand
Sudan Khartoum Pound
Swaziland Mbabane Lilangeni
Tanzania Dar-es-Salaam Shilling
The Gambia Banjul Dalasi
Togo Lome Franc
Tunisia Tunis Dinar
Uganda Kampala Shilling
Zambia Lusaka Kwatcha
Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe Dollar

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies

List of all countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of EUROPE
Country Capital Currency
Albania Tirana Lek
Andorra Andorra-la-vella Franc Pesta
Armenia Yerevan Dram
Austria Vienna Schilling
Belarus Baku Manat
Belgium Brussels Belgian Franc
Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo Konvertibilna Marka
Bulgaria Sarajevo Dinar
Croatia Sofia Lev
Czech Zagreb Koruna
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone
Estonia Tallinn Kroon
Finland Helsinki Marakka
France Paris Franc
Georgia Tbilisi Lari
Germany Berlin Deutsche Mark
Greece Athens Drachma
Hungary Budapest Forint
Iceland Reykavik Krona
Ireland Dublin Euro
Italy Rome Euro
Kosovo Pristina Euro
Latvia Riga Lats
Leichtenstein Vaduz Swiss Franc
Lithuania Vilnius Litas
Luxemburg Luxemburg Luxemburg France
Macedonia Skopje Dinar
Malta Valletta Maltese Lira
Moldova Chisinau Leu
Monaco Monaco French Franc
Montenegro Podgorica Euro
Netherlands The Hague Guilder
Norway Oslo Norwegian Krone
Poland Warsaw Zloty
Portugal Lisbon Escudo
Republic Prague Koruna
Romania Bucharest Lei
Russia Moscow Rouble
San Marino San Marino Italian Lira
Slovakia Bratislava Slovak Koruna
Slovania Ljubljana Tolar
Spain Madrid Peseta
Sweden Stockholm Krona(SEK)
Switzerland Berne Swiss Franc
Ukraine Kiev Karbovanets
United Kingdom London Pound Sterling
Vatican City State Vatican City Italian Lira
Yugoslavia Belgrade New Dinar


List of ASIAN countries, their capital names, and currencies


Countries with Capital and Currency of Asia
Country Capital Currency
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Bahrain Manama Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
Bhutan Thimpu Ngulturm
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Ringgit
Cambodia Phnom Panh Rile
China Beijing Yuan
Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus Pounnd
India New Delhi Indian Rupee
Indonesia Djakarta Rupiah
Iran Tehran Riyal
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar
Israel Tel Aviv Shekel
Japan Tokyo Yen
Jordan Amman Lordan Dinar
Kazakhstan Akmola Tenge
Korea (North) Pyongyang Won (KPW)
Korea (South) Seoul Won (KRW)
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwait Dinar
Kyrgystan Bishkek Som (KGS)
Laos Vientiane Kip
Lebanon Beirut Lebnanesse Pound
Malaysia Kuala Lumpu Malaysian Ringgit
Maldives Male Rufiyaa
Mongolia Ulan-Bator Tugrik
Myanmar Yangoon Kyat
Nepal Kathamandu Nepalese Rupee
Oman Muscat Omani Rial
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee
Philippines Manila Piso
Qatar Dola Qatari Riyal
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal (SAR)
Singapore Singapore Singapore Dollar
Sri Lanka Colombo Sri Lanka Rupee
Syria Damascus Syrian Pound
Taiwan Taipei New Taiwan Dollar
Tajikistan Dushambe Tajik Rouble
Thailand Bangkok Baht
Turkemenistan Ashkabad Manat (TMM)
Turkey Ankara Turkish Lira
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Dirham
Uzbekistan Tashkent Som (UKS)
Vietnam Hanoi Dong
Yemen Sana Riya (YER)

Capitals and Currencies of Countries

 

Country

Capital  Currency Currency Abbreviation
ASIA
Afghanistan Kabul Afgani AFA
Armenia Yerevan Dram AMD
Azerbaijan Baku Manat AZN
Bahrain Al-Manamah Bahraini Dinar BHD
Bangladesh Dhaka Taka BDT
Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum BTN
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Dollar BND
China Beijing Yuan CNY
Cyprus Nicosia Cypriot Pound CYP
Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel KHR
East Timor Dili U.S. Dollar USD
India New Delhi Indian Rupee INR
Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah IDR
Iran Tehran Rial IRR
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi Dinar IQD
Israel Tele Aviv Shekel ILS
Japan Tokyo Yen JPY
Jordan Amman Jordanian Dinar JOD
Kazakhstan Akmola Tenge KZT
Korea (North) Pyongyang Won KPW
Korea (South) Seoul Won KRW
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti Dinar KWD
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Kyrgyzstani Som KGS
Laos Vientiane Kip LAK
Lebanon Beirut Lebanese Pound LBP
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Ringgit MYR
Maldives Male Rufiyaa MVR
Mongolia Ulan-Bator Tugrik MNT
Myanmar Yangon Kyat MMK
Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese Rupee NPR
Oman Muscat Rial Omani OMR
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee PKR
Philippines Manila Peso PHP
Qatar Doha Qatari Riyal QAR

 

Thursday 24 April 2014

Top Six Reasons You Should Not Skip Breakfast

Breakfast is the most important meal of the day, but many people skip this meal. Most people have very busy schedules, and that leaves little time to eat breakfast. However, you should try your best to eat a nutritious meal before you start your day. There are a number of benefits that you can reap from eating breakfast.

Energy Boost

If you feel sluggish in the morning, then a nutritious breakfast can give you the energy that you need to get through your day. Fiber, vitamin C and vitamin D are just a few of the many nutrients that will help increase your energy level. Whole wheat toast with eggs and an orange is an example of a nutritious breakfast.

Help You Focus Better

It will be much easier for you to focus on work or school if your stomach is full. On the other hand, you will have a harder time focusing if you skip breakfast. When you are hungry, it is hard to think about anything else except for food.

Prevent You From Gaining Weight

Researchers have found that people who skip breakfast are more likely to be overweight.When you skip breakfast, you are much more likely to overeat during lunch and dinner. Additionally, you encourage your body to store calories when you skip breakfast.

Boost Your Metabolism

Your metabolism has a tendency to decrease when you go to sleep. Eating breakfast helps you jumpstart your metabolism. A faster metabolism will allow you to burn more calories throughout the day. That is another reason why regular breakfast eaters usually weigh less.

Help Decrease Your LDL Cholesterol

Your LDL cholesterol is better known as the “bad” type of cholesterol. LDL cholesterol builds up in your arteries and can increase your chances of developing heart disease. Studies have shown that eating breakfast regularly can help lower LDL cholesterol.

Prevent Heart Attacks

A new study done by Harvard School of Public Health has shown that people who skip breakfast may be at a greater risk for having a heart attack. Skipping breakfast increases the risk of high cholesterol, obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes, which are all heart disease risk factors. Therefore, you may be able to reduce your risk of having a heart attack if you eat breakfast.

It is very important for you to make time for your morning meal. A healthy breakfast will increase your metabolism, boost your energy, help you focus and lower your bad cholesterol. It can also prevent you from gaining weight and reduce your risk of having a heart attack.
Bad Effects of Using Earphones
**********************

If you listed the benefits of earphones, you could probably go on and on. You can use them to listen to music while working out, doing chores or even while waiting for an impossibly long bus ride to be over. You can also use them to hear what's going on if your television or computer's speakers are busted. However, no matter how awesome or beneficial earphones may seem, they still have their downside.

Hearing Loss
---------------
One of the main side effects of listening to loud music is hearing loss. According to Dr. Brian Fligor, the director of Diagnostic Audiology at Boston Children's Hospital, people who listen to music at volumes exceeding 90 decibels, can suffer temporary loss of hearing. Sounds in this range can eventually cause permanent hearing loss, especially to teenagers who wear their earphones for long periods of time.

Decibel Ranges
-----------------
Decibels are the measurement of loudness. If you listen to music at a restrained volume, then you don't have to worry. However, if you listen to music at the highest volume possible might want to consider the following warnings. If you listen to your music using earphones at 85 decibels, you can get permanent hearing loss if you listen up to eight hours a day. At 88 decibels, you can get the same result at just four hours of listening time. Now for the painful truth, you can lose your hearing in just 15 minutes if you listen at 100-105 decibels.

Ear Infections
------------------
Since earphones are made for two ears, it is quite inevitable that people share them. According to the Manchester Evening News, regular use of earphones can enhance the growth of harmful bacteria, and sharing or borrowing earphones may just cause the transfer someone else's bacteria to your ears. Research leader, Dr. Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, advises everyone to avoid sharing earphones. If it cannot be helped, sanitize them before using.

Tips and Warnings
---------------------
Do not use earphones that are inserted directly into your ear canals because, even though they can make the music sound better, they enhance the chances of hearing loss will also increase. You should also try taking 5-minute breaks every hour. This will help your ears recover from being bombarded by concentrated sound waves. Last but not least, if you can use speakers at a moderate level instead, then do so because they will disperse the sound waves and not cause as much direct damage to your ear drums.
Different Technologies & Their Founders

1. Google: Larry Page & Sergey Brin
2. Facebook: Mark Zuckerberg
3. Yahoo: David Filo & Jerry Yang
4. Twitter: Jack Dorsey & Dick Costolo
5. Internet: Tim Berners Lee
6. Linkdin: Reid Hoffman, Allen Blue & Koonstantin Guericke
7. Email: Shiva Ayyadurai
8. Gtalk: Richard Wah kan
9. Whats up: Laurel Kirtz
10. Hotmail: Sabeer Bhatia
11. Orkut: Buyukkokten
12. Wikipedia: Jimmy Wales
13. You tube: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley & Jawed Karim
14. Rediffmail: Ajit Balakrishnan
15. Nimbuzz: Martin Smink & Evert Jaap Lugt
16. Myspace: Chris Dewolfe & Tom Anderson
17. Ibibo: Ashish Kashyap
18. OLX: Alec Oxenford & Fabrice Grinda
19. Skype: Niklas Zennstrom,JanusFriis & Reid Hoffman
20. Opera: Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner & Geir lvarsoy
21. Mozilla Firefox: Dave Hyatt & Blake Ross
22. Blogger: Evan Willams
••• Wonderful Touching Story •••

A woman baked bread for members of her family and an extra one for a hungry passerby. She kept the extra Bread on the window sill, for whosoever would take it away.

Every day, a hunchback came and took away the Bread.

Instead of expressing gratitude, he muttered the following words as he went his way:
" The evil you do remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!"

This went on, day after day. Every day, the hunchback came, picked up the bread and uttered the words:
"The evil you do, remains with you: The good you do, com es back to you!"

The woman felt irritated. "Not a word of gratitude," she said to herself...
" Everyday this hunchback utters this jingle! What does he mean?"

One day, exasperated, she decided to do away with him. "I shall get rid of this hunchback," she said. And what did she do? She added poison to the bread she prepared for him!

As she was about to keep it on the window sill, her hands trembled.
"What is this I am doing?" she said.

Immediately, she threw the Bread into the fire, prepared another one and kept it on the window sill.

As usual, the hunchback came, picked up the Bread and muttered the words:
" The evil you do, remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!"

The hunchback proceeded on his way, blissfully unaware of the war raging in the mind of the woman.

Every day, as the woman placed the Bread on the window sill, she offered a prayer for her son who had gone to a distant place to seek his fortune.For many months,she had no news of him.. She prayed for his safe return.

That evening, there was a knock on the door. As she opened it, she was surprised to find her son standing in the doorway.

He had grown thin and lean. His garments were tattered and torn. He was hungry, starved and weak.

As he saw his mother, he said,"Mom, it's a miracle I'm here.

While I was but a mile away, I was so famished that I collapsed.

I would have died, but just then an old hunchback passed by.I begged of him for a morsel of food, and he was kind enough to give me a whole Bread.

As he gave it to me, he said,"This is what I eat everyday: today, I shall give it to you, for your need is greater than mine!"

As the mother heard those words, her face turned pale.
She leaned against the door for support. She remembered the poisoned bread that she had made that morning.

Had she not burnt it in the fire, it would have been eaten by her own son, and he would have lost his life! It was then that she realized the significance of the words:
"The evil you do remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!"

Moral : Do good and Don't ever stop doing good, even if it is not appreciated at that time.
INVENTORS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE:
(1) Key board — Herman Hollerith, first keypunch device in 1930’s
(2) Transistor — John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley (1947 - 1948)
(3) RAM — An Wang and Jay Forrester (1951)
(4) Trackball — Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff (1952)
(5) Hard Disk — IBM , The IBM Model 350 Disk File (1956 )
(6) Integrated Circuit— Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce (1958)
(7) Computer Mouse — Douglas Engelbart (1964)
(8) Laser printer— Gary Stark weather at XEROX in 1969.
(9) Floppy Disk— Alan Shugart & IBM( 1970)
(10) Microprocessor — Faggin, Hoff & Mazor – Intel 4004
COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE

1 Bit = Binary Digit
4 bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
1024Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte
1024 Geopbyte=1 Saganbyte
1024 Saganbyte=1 Pijabyte
Alphabyte = 1024 Pijabyte
Kryatbyte = 1024 Alphabyte
Amosbyte = 1024 Kryatbyte
Pectrolbyte = 1024 Amosbyte
Bolgerbyte = 1024 Pectrolbyte
Sambobyte = 1024 Bolgerbyte
Quesabyte = 1024 Sambobyte
Kinsabyte = 1024 Quesabyte
Rutherbyte = 1024 Kinsabyte
Dubnibyte = 1024 Rutherbyte
Seaborgbyte = 1024 Dubnibyte
Bohrbyte = 1024 Seaborgbyte
Hassiubyte = 1024 Bohrbyte
Meitnerbyte = 1024 Hassiubyte
Darmstadbyte = 1024 Meitnerbyte
Roentbyte = 1024 Darmstadbyte
Coperbyte = 1024 Roentbyte
Blue Book---An official report of the British Government.
Green Book--Official Publications of Italy and Persia.
Grey Book---Official reports of the Government of Japan and Belgium.
Orange Book---Official Publication of the Government of Netherlands.
White Book---Official Publications of China, Germany and Portugal.
White Paper---Official Paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular issue.
Yellow Book------French Official Book.
Famous Books and Authors
• Ramayana ---------------------------------------------------------- Valmiki
• Mahabharatha ------------------------------------------------------ Vedavyasa
• Bhagavath Geetha -------------------------------------------------- Vedavyasa
• Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippatu – --------------------------------Thunjathu Ezhuthachan
• Krishnagatha –------------------------------------------------------ Cherussery
• Uthararamacharitham --------------------------------------------– Bhavabhoothi
• Harshacharitha – ----------------------------------------------------Banabhatta
• Neethisathakam----------------------------------------------------– Bharthruhari
• Meghdoot –----------------------------------------------------------- Kalidasa
• Swapnavasavadatta ------------------------------------------------ Bhasan
• Kumarasambhava------------------------------------------------- – Kalidasa
• Abhijanana Sakundalam-------------------------------------------– Kalidasa
• Malavikagnimithra---------------------------------------------------- Kalidasa
• Panchathantra-------------------------------------------------------- Vishnu Sharma
• Ramacharithamans –----------------------------------------------- Tulasidas
• Gitanjali –------------------------------------------------------------- Rabindranath Tagore
• Anandamath –-------------------------------------------------------- Bankim Chandra chatterji
• The Story of My experiments with truth –--------------------------Mahatma Gandhi
• The discovery of India--------------------------------------------- –Jawaharlal Nehru
• Durgesha Nandini ---------------------------------------------------- Bankim Chandra chatterji
• Godaan -------------------------------------------------------------– Munshi Premchand
• Coolie ---------------------------------------------------------------– Mulk Raj Anand
• Odyssey -------------------------------------------------------------– Homer
• Lliad –----------------------------------------------------------------- Homer
• Das Capital –---------------------------------------------------------- Karl Marx
• Communist Manifesto -----------------------------------------------–Marx and Engels
• Crime and punishment ----------------------------------------------–Dostoevsky
• War and Peace -------------------------------------------------------- Tolstoy
Tips For Facing The Interview :

ENTERING THE ROOM :

Prior to entering the room , adjust your attire.
Before entering , enquire by saying , " Please May I come In ".
If the door is closed before you enter , make sure you shut the door behind you softly.
Face the Panel confidently and wish the members.
If the members of the interview board want to shake hands, then offer a firm grip first maintaining eye contact and a smile.
sit down only when asked to do so by the panel. If the interviewers are standing , wait for them to sit down before sitting.
An alert interview would diffuse the tense situation with light hearted humor and immediately sat rapport with the interviewers.

ENTHUSIASM :

The interviewer normally pays more attention if you display an enthusiasm in whatever you say .
This enthusiasm comes across in the energetic way you put forward your ideas.
You Should maintain a cheerful disposition throughout the interview, i.e a pleasent countenance holds the interview interest.

HUMOR:
A little humor or wit thrown in the discussion occasionally enables the interviewers to look at the pleasant side of your personality . If it does come naturally do not contrive it.
Injecting humor in to the situation doesn't mean that you should keep telling jokes .It means to make a passing comment that , perhaps , makes the interviewer smile.

EYE CONTACT :

You Must maintain eye contact with the panel through out the interview.This shows your self confidence and honesty.
Many interviewees while answering . tend to look away. This conveys you are concealing your own anxiety, fear and lack of confidence.
Maintaining an eye contact is a difficult process . As the circumstances in an interview are different , the value of eye contact is tremendous in making person impact.


BE NATURAL :

Many interviewees adopt a stance which is not their natural self . It is amusing for interviewers when a candidate launches into an accent when he or she cannot sustain consistently through out the interview or adopt mannerisms that are inconsistent wit his/her personality. Interviewers appreciate a natural person rather than an actor. it is the best for you to talk in natural manner because then only can you appear.
gud luck!!
Human bady facts : The Eyes
Our eyes are one of the most fascinating and complex parts of the body. Almost every animal in the animal kingdom relies on them everyday, but how much do we really know about eyes, and how they work?
Here are fun facts that you may not know about eyes.
1.Eyes are thought to have first developed in animals, in a very basic form, around 550 million years ago.
2.The world’s most common eye colour is brown.
3.Your eye is the fastest muscle in your body – hence why when something happens quickly, we say ‘in the blink of an eye!’
4.You see with your brain, not your eyes. Our eyes function like a camera, capturing light and sending data back to the brain.
5.Dogs can’t distinguish between red and green.
6.We have two eyeballs in order to give us depth perception – comparing two images allows us to determine how far away an object is from us.
7.Eye colour is determined by the amount of melanin in your iris.
8.20/20 vision simply means that you have normal vision.
9.Your eyes become tired when you read or stare at a computer, this is because you blink less often.
10.Although our nose and ears keep growing throughout our lives, our eyes remain the same size from birth.
11.You blink more when you talk.
12.Diabetes is the number one cause of blindness in adults in the UK.
13.People generally read 25 times slower on screen than on paper.
14.All babies are colour blind at birth.
15.The first blue-eyed person is said to have lived 6,000-10,000 years ago.
16.It’s impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
17.An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.
18.The human eye can see 500 shades of grey.
19.You blink on average 4,200,000 times a year.
20.The cornea is the only tissue in the human body which doesn’t contain blood vessels.
21.The human eye can function at 100% at any given moment, without needing to rest.
22.Smoking reduces your night vision.
23.Eyelashes have an average lifespan of five months.
24.A newborn baby will cry, but not produce any tears. Babies do not produce tears until they are around six weeks old.
25.Our eyes are made up of over 200 million working parts.
26.In the right conditions and lighting, humans can see the light of a candle from 14 miles away.
27.The shark cornea is used in human eye surgery as it is the most similar to the human cornea.
28.80% of vision impairment worldwide is curable.
29.The human eye only sees three colours, red, blue and green. All other colours are combination of these.
30.A camel’s eyelashes can measure up to 10cm long, to protect its eyelashes from blowing sand and debris in the desert.
31.One of the most common cosmetic injuries is poking the eyeball with a mascara wand.
32.The eye muscles are the most active muscles in the human body.
33.The eyes of a chameleon are independent from each other, allowing it to look in two different directions at once.
34.It’s possible to blink five times in a single second.
35.Your eyes contain around 107 million light sensitive cells.
36.Your eyes contain 7 million cones which help you see colour and detail, as well as 100 million cells called rods which help you to see better in the dark.
37.Geckos can see colours around 350 times better than a human, even in dim lighting.
38.A blink typically lasts 100-150 milliseconds.
39.Blue-eyed people share a common ancestor with every other blue-eyed person in the world.
40.Our eyes close automatically to protect us from perceived dangers.
41.Your eyelashes keep dirt out of your eyes.
42.The largest eye on the planet belongs to the Colossal Squid, and measures around 27cm across.
43.Your eyebrows prevent sweat dripping into your eyes.
44.Heterochromia refers to a condition where your eyes are two different colours.
45.Our eyes are positioned in a hollowed eye socket, to protect the eye.
46.Dolphins sleep with one eye open.
47.The study of the iris is called iridology.
48.Eyes are the second most complex organ after the brain.
49.The Mayans believe that cross-eyes are attractive and would make efforts to ensure their children became cross-eyed.
50.A dragonfly has 30,000 lenses in its eyes, assisting them with motion detection and making them very difficult for predators to kill.


Golden Quadrilateral

•The Golden Quadrilateral connects the four metro cities, Delhi, Kolkata,
Chennai and Mumbai.

•The total length of the road is 5,846 km out of which 5,828 km has
already been completed by 31 Jan 2012.

•The maximum distance between two metros is between Kolkata and Chennai -
1649 km.

•The maximum length of the Golden Quadrilateral passes through Andhra
Pradesh - 1014 km.

North South Corridor

•Srinagar to Kochi (Total length - 4000 km)
•Srinagar to Jalandhar ------------------------------National Highway 1A
•Jalandhar to Delhi----------------------------------National Highway 1
•Delhi to Agra --------------------------------------National Highway 2
•Agra to Gwalior -----------------------------------National Highway 3
•Gwalior to Jhansi ----------------------------------National Highway 75
•Jhansi to Lakhnadon------------------------------ National Highway 26
•Lakhnadon to Kanyakumari (via Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Salem and
Madurai) ------------------------------------------National Highway 7
•Spur Highway of North-South Corridor
•Salem to Kochi----------------------------------- National Highway 47

East West Corridor

Porbandar to Silchar (Total length - 3300 km)

•Porbandar to Rajkot ------------------------------National Highway 8B
•Rajkot to Samakhiali ------------------------------National Highway 8A
•Samiakhiali to Radhanpur -------------------------National Highway 15
•Radhanpur to Pindwara--------------------------- National Highway 14
•Pindwara to Shivpuri------------------------------ National Highway 76
•Shivpuri to Lucknow ------------------------------National Highway 25
•Lucknow to Muzaffarpur------------------------- National Highway 28
•Muzaffarpur to Purnia----------------------------- National Highway 57
•Purnia to Galgalia-------------------------------- National Highway 31
•Galgalia to Bijni---------------------------------- National Highway 31C
•Bijni to Guwahati--------------------------------- National Highway 31
•Guwahati to Nagaon -----------------------------National Highway 37
•Nagaon to Dabaka------------------------------- National Highway 36
•Dabaka to Silchar --------------------------------National Highway 54
•Jhansi is the junction of North–South and East–West Corridors.




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