Computer: Timeline -IMPORTANT DATES IN COMPUTER HISTORY

Computer: Timeline 

The marvels of electronic miniaturization that are modern PCs are a relatively recent development. They are the descendants of vacuum- tube devices introduced in the early 20th century. Here are some early landmark events in computer history:

1623: 1st Mechanical Calculator
German mathematician Wilhelm Schickard developed the 1st mechanical calculator, capable of adding, subtracting, ultiplying,
and dividing.

1642: Pascal’s adding and subtracting machine French mathematician Blaise Pascal built an adding and subtracting machine that he invented.

1801: French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard demonstrated a new control system for looms. He “programmed” the loom, communicating desired weaving operations to the machine via patterns of holes in paper cards.

1833-71: Charles Babbage – Analytical Engine
British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage used the Jacquard punch-card system in his design for a sophisticated,
programmable “Analytical Engine” that foreshadowed basic features of today’s computers.

1889: Punch-card tabulating system
American engineer Herman Hollerith patented an electromechanical punch-card tabulating system that facilitated the handling of large amounts of statistical data and quickly found use in censuses in the U.S.

1911: IBM
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company merged with 2 other enterprises to form the Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company, renamed in 1924, the International Business Machines (IBM).

1941: Digital Computer
German engineer Konrad Ziise completed the Z3, the 1st fully functional digital computer to be controlled by a program; the Z3
was not electronic—it was based on electrical switches called relays.

1942: Iowa State College physicist John Vincent Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry completed a working model of the 1st fully electronic computer, using vacuum tubes, which could operate much more quickly than relays; the rudimentary machine as
not programmable.

1944: Mark – I Computer
IBM and Harvard Professor Howard Aiken completed the 1st large-scale automatic digital computer, the Mark- I, a relay-based machine 55 feet long and 8 feet high. 1943: British scientists built the Colossus, an electronic computer designed specifically for breaking German codes.

1946: ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, a 30-tonne room-sized electronic computer with over 18,000 vacuum tubes,
was completed by physicist John Mauchly and engineer J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania for the U.S. Army. Eniac could be programmed to do different tasks, although programming could take a couple of days, since cables had to be plugged in and switches set by hand.

1951: UNIVAC Eckert and Mauchly’s Univac (“Universal Automatic Computer”) became the 1st computer commercially available in the U.S.

1969-71: Unix Operating System
The powerful Unix operating system, was developed at Bell Laboratories; later versions became widely used on large computers and formed the basis for the popular Linux and Macintosh OSX operating systems for personal computers.

1971: Intel released the 4004, the 1st commercial microprocessor (an entire computer processing unit on a chip).

1973: The Alto computer, developed at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center, became operational, implementing many features used years later in commercial personal computers; including a graphical user interface (GUI) featuring windows, icons, a mouse, and pointers.

1975: The 1st widely marketed personal computer, the MITS Altair 8800, was introduced in kit form, with no keyboard and no video display, for under $400.

1975: Microsoft was founded by college dropouts Bill Gates and Paul Allen.

1976: The 1st word-processing program for personal computers, the Electric Pencil, was written.

1976: Apple Computer Company was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak.

1977: Apple introduced the Apple II; capable of displaying text and graphics in color, the machine enjoyed phenomenal success.

1981: IBM unveiled its “Personal Computer,” which used Microsoft’s DOS (disk operating system).

1984: Apple introduced the 1st Macintosh. The easy-to-use Macintosh came with a proprietary operating system and was the 1 st popular computer to have a GUI (graphical user interface) and a mouse.

1990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0, the 1st workable version of its own GUI.

1991: Linux was invented for the personal computer by Helsinki University student Linus Torvalds and made available for free.

1996: The Palm Pilot, the 1st widely successful handheld computer and personal information manager, arrived.

2001: Apple introduced the Unix-based operating system OSX for the Macintosh.

2002: The total number of personal computers (PCs), including desktop and laptop machines of all types, shipped by manufacturers since 1975 reached 1 billion.

2005: Apple announced it would start using Intel microprocessors in its Macintosh computers beginning in 2006. The Macintosh traditionally used microprocessors of a different design than the chips made by Intel and other companies that were found in the more than 90% of PCs running Microsoft Windows.

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HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE REMEMBERED?-motivational story

HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE REMEMBERED?

About a hundred years ago, a man looked at the morning newspaper and to his surprise and horror, read his name in the obituary column. The news papers had reported the death of the wrong person by mistake. His first response was shock. Am I here or there? When he regained his composure, his second thought was to find out what people had said about him. The obituary read, "Dynamite King Dies." And also "He was the merchant of death." This man was the inventor of dynamite and when he read the words "merchant of death," he asked himself a question, "Is this how I am going to be remembered?" He got in touch with his feelings and decided that this was not the way he wanted to be remembered. From that day on, he started working toward peace. His name was Alfred Nobel and he is remembered today by the great Nobel Prize.

Just as Alfred Nobel got in touch with his feelings and redefined his values, we should step back and do the same.

What is your legacy?

How would you like to be remembered?

Will you be spoken well of?

Will you be remembered with love and respect?

Will you be missed?

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never say bad words-motivational story

never say bad words

TEMPER CONTROL

There once was a little boy who had a bad temper. His father gave him a bag of nails and told him that every time he lost his temper, he must hammer a nail into the fence.

The first day the boy had driven 37 nails into the fence. Over the next few weeks as he learned to control his anger, the number of nails hammered daily, gradually dwindled down. He discovered it was easier to hold his temper than to drive those nails into the fence. Finally the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper at all. He told his father about it and the father suggested that the boy now pull out one nail for each day that he was able to hold his temper.

The days passed and the young boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were gone. The father took his son by the hand and led him to the fence. He said “you have done well, my son, but look at the holes in the fence. The fence will never be the same. When you say things in anger, they leave a scar just like this one.”

You can put a knife in a man and draw it out. It won’t matter how many times you say I’m sorry, the wound is still there.

Make sure you control your temper the next time you are tempted to say something you will regret later , because spoken words once out never come back 

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It is what is inside that counts-motivational story

Importance of Attitude

There was a man who made living selling balloons at a fair. He had all colors of balloons Including red, yellow, green. Whenever business was slow, he would release a helium filled balloons into the air and when the children saw it go up, they all wanted to buy one. They would come up to him, buy a balloon and his sales would go up again. He continues this process all day. One day, he felt something tugging his jacket. He turned around and saw a little boy who asked,” If you release a black balloon, would that also fly?” Moved by the boy’s concern, the man replied with empathy.” Son, it is not the Color of the balloon, it is what inside that makes it go up.”

The same thing applies to our lives. It is what is inside that counts. The thing inside of us that makes is go up is our attitude.

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Attitude Matters-short motivational story

Attitude Matters

Once a Bird asked a Bee: After constant hard-work, you prepare honey. But a man comes & steals it.

Do you not feel sad ?

Wonderful reply by Bee: Never...
Because only thing man can do is to steal 'my honey'... not the art of making honey

In this world anyone can copy your CREATION but no one can copy your TALENT!

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overcome pain-motivational story

                             
How to Overcome Pain

An aging Hindu saint grew tired of his disciple's complaints regarding his personal issues. One morning, saint sent him to get some salt. When the disciple returned, the saint told him to mix a handful of salt in a glass of water and then drink it.


"How does it taste?" the saint asked.

"Ugh! very salty," said the disciple.

The saint chuckled and then asked the disciple to take the same handful of salt and put it in the lake. The two walked in silence to the nearby lake and once the disciple swirled his handful of salt in the water, the saint said, "Now drink from the lake."

As the water dripped down the disciple's chin, the saint asked, "How does it taste?"

"Fresh and sweet," answered the disciple.

"Do you taste the salt now?" asked the saint.

"No," said the disciple. At this the saint explained softly,

"The pain of life is pure salt; no more, no less. The amount of pain in life remains exactly the same. However, the amount of bitterness we taste depends on the container we put the pain in. So when you are in pain, the only thing you can do is to enlarge your sense of things. Stop being a tumbler. Become a lake."

"Life is not what happens to you but how you respond to it."

"Tough times never last, but tough people do."

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Oceania-quickfacts

Oceania-quickfacts

• Oceania also known as Oceanica is a region located in South Pacific
• Contains the fewest countries (Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea)
• Is the only continent that lies entirely in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres.
• Oceania consists of 14 countries 
• Oceania is a not just a geographic region and ecozone, it is also a geopolitical region, defined by the United Nations to include Australia, New Zealand, and other island nations that are not generally considered part of the Asian continent.

Points	Information
Demonym	Oceanic, Oceanian
Total Area	8,536,716 km2 (3,296,044 sq mi)
Countries	14
Largest City	Sydney
Major Language	English

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